Erickson's Theory of Human Development

I 'm sure you 've heard the term "Identity Crisis " before . It is designed as a conflict of self and society and its introduction came from one of the most famous psychoanalyst of the 20th century.

Sigmund Freud is probably the most familiar name that comes to mind when one thinks of famous psychologists. Fundamental basic theories of instinct, phallic symbol obsession and oedipal complexes are prevalent in almost all artistic aspects of our culture. However, he was a friend and colleague of Freud psychoanalyst Erik Erickson, who created one of the main theories that provide a window for the development of everything that makes us what we are inside. This is called the theory of human development Erickson and simplifies the complex subject of human personality.

First, talk about the man himself . Erik Homberger was born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902. The conditions under which life began to give much information about his obsession with identity. He was challenged with her statistics. His parents were not married and his Danish father left before Erik was born. His Jewish mother married Erik 's pediatrician when he was three years old. Erik had Nordic features, tall, blond and had blue eyes . Neither the Jewish children in the temple, nor the German children to school accept .

Growing up, psychology and art began to interest Erik and led to various institutes including one where he was psychoanalyzed by Anna Freud , Sigmund 's wife . The two later became close friends Erickson. When the Nazis came to power , Erik moved to Boston, where he studied psychoanalysis of the child and was influenced by many psychologists and anthropologists Mead, but many famous psychologists and anthropologists.

It is considered an ego - Freudian psychologist , which means that you have the foundation of Freud's theories , but differs from the approach of the social and cultural orientation. Erickson's theory is closely related to personality growth with parental values ​​and society. His 1950 book , Childhood and Society, is considered a classic in its field.

There are eight stages of human development , each focusing on a different conflict that we have to solve for the success of development in the next stage of our lives. The idea is that if we solve each stage or we choose evil of the two options , our ability to cope with successive stages and failure deteriorates back to us at some point in the future.

First step : Oral Sensory

Age: from birth to 12-18 months

Conflict : Trust vs. mistrust

Link primary caregiver of the child, it is the trust and love . The connection with the person ( usually the mother) allows them to feel they are safe and can trust the person who is basically all they know . It is touch and be there and you can see in this tender look that you get what you give them.

Step Two : Muscle Anal

Aged 18 months to 3 years

Conflict : Autonomy vs. Doubt

This stage focuses on self-control and self-confidence and Erickson gives a sphincter control as the best example of this conflict. He also notes that this is the stage where an overprotective parent can do the most damage . The child wants autonomy. We are all familiar with waiting two hours because they have to tie their own shoes. Hope at this point, the lack of strengthening these efforts will allow for themselves and their child confidence doubt .

Step Three: locomotor

Age: 3-6 years

Conflict Initiative against Guilt

This has to do with the independence and let the child has his / her initiative. This is the stage that carries the car keys or help mom as much as possible is very important. They develop a sense of responsibility and limitations. They will try to do things that can not and the parent's response gives them , encouragement or refusal to allow the child to understand the limitations and without guilt.

Step Four: Latency

Ages: 6-12 years

Conflict: Industry vs. inferiority

It is the termination. Before this stage, we are all familiar with the child starts to do something, but then snap , and you drop something else. At this stage, the realization and the pleasure it brings becomes crucial. This is largely influenced by their introduction to school beyond kindergarten. It is the union of mental and physical abilities as well . Parents should encourage their children to manage the different experiences of a family atmosphere in the school , among others.

Step Five: Adolescence

Ages: 12 to 18

Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion

This step can be a book in itself, as a teenager. They are difficult for everyone , but especially the child herself . They are aware that they will become a contributor to society (industry) and research that drives their actions and thoughts. The desire to know what they want and feel separated from what they took from their parents is crucial to your self-esteem.

Step Six: young adults

Age : 19 to 40 years

Conflict : psychosocial development

Romantic relationships dominate this stage for all of us depends largely on our ability to resolve conflicts encountered in the fifth stage and . Can you have a private life ? Can you be free? Can we trust them? Intimacy refers to as the ability to make a personal commitment and does not necessarily mean sex. Personal commitment , met with mutual satisfaction , make a successful step. If you can not manage this stage , an adult will resort to isolation.

Phase Seven : Middle adulthood

Ages: 40-65 years

Conflict : The generativity vs. stagnation

The words get bigger, but stay with me . Generativity is our ability to care for another person who is especially illustrated in parenting . In particular, the ability to direct someone in society and the next generation. We do not focus on the death, but we begin to understand that we are rich in the order of society and society must something. If we have not responded to our previous conflicts , we become stagnant and our lives will not present all that we can look back .

Phase Eight : Maturity

Age: 65 to Death

Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

This is when we begin to reflect on our lives, accept it for what it was. If we have done well in the previous steps , in particular the seventh stage , you can feel a sense of accomplishment and accept death as an inescapable reality in dignity. If we do not do well , we can be filled with sorrow and despair for the time runs out and the fear of death.

When you read through the steps , it is impossible not to identify them as experienced or you see your children suffer . However, Erickson's theory is not without criticism. Many say that it is too focused on infancy and childhood, and not very useful later in life. Others say it really applies to children do not use Erickson 's belief ( Freudian ) that boys and girls naturally develop different personalities.

In general, the theory of human development Erickson is widely accepted and plays an important role in all the studies and theories of human development and psychology . The best advice is to use the theory as a framework or a map to understand and identify what issues / unresolved lead to current behavior conflict and prepare for future steps.

Nepal Is the Country With the Lowest Human Development Index (HDI) in Asia

Nepal falls into the group of countries with the lowest HDI ( Human Development Index ) , due to the poor economic situation of the nation. According to the annual report published by the Programme for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) s' 20th Human Development Report (HDR) , Nepal 's HDI for 2010 is 0 . 458 . Although Nepal is one of the fast developing countries regarding the upward trend , followed by the HDI , still not enough. The HDI 0.458 Nepal gives a range of 157 out of 187 countries with comparable data .

"The Human Development Index (HDI ) is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of " human development " and distinguish" very high human development "," high human development " , " medium human development " "low human development countries ." Human Development Index ( HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy , literacy , education and standard of living for countries worldwide . a standard means of measuring well -being . especially the well- being of children was used to distinguish whether the country is a developing country or a developed country underdeveloped and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. "- Wikipedia

Going by this definition, low HDI for Nepal could mean a lower life expectancy , illiteracy living and powerful low Nepalese. Although the cause is the low economic status of people. Despite having enough natural resources and plenty of space for development, the country is lagging behind . The main factor responsible may be the decade of armed violence Nepal has recently encountered. In addition , a large part of the population can not read and write and are still techniques subsistence agriculture age rather than technology-driven profit. This trend is due in large part to stop the country's economic growth , which in turn stops HDI countries rising to its full potential .

The HDI ranking by the United Nations Development Programme has not only helped to Nepal to see its position , but also to provide appropriate measures should be taken to raise . Recently, Nepal has stabilized its political and economic system to the violence of armed conflict and other social / cultural . The result was positive. The country has achieved economic stability with a large amount of remittances from , which includes a large part of the thriving tourism industry, while helping the economic progress of the country.

As a result , Nepal has now emerged as one of the fastest drivers in the world in the Human Development Index (HDI) since 1970 , coming in third place among the 135 countries surveyed. If this trend continues , it is indeed light at the end of the tunnel!

Doing the Harlem Shake - The Pinnacle of Human Development?

You probably already have the image in your head. A group of people going about their ordinary fill a room . A shell of the solitary soul begins to dance , swaying and undulating , and is likely to hit a hip toss for good measure . This is done for 15 seconds in the scattered introduction in May 2012 Baauer single " Harlem Shake ' , while his impromptu audience is deaf . Halfway through the video, a male voice exclaims "Do the Harlem Shake ' , low and falling fast video clippings in the same scene , but everyone in the camera is in a suit and the chaotic dance other available. 15 seconds and experience is complete.

Easily reproducible size and short duration of these videos led to the rampant popularity as an Internet phenomenon . Since the first was imported on YouTube February 2, 2013 has seen more than 40,000 fakes created worldwide . This is a strange little joke , and no surprise people find it funny , but perhaps in small doses.

Memes are probably one of the most interesting developments to come out of the twisted mass that is the Internet, and the Harlem shake . They essentially turn jokes , a common language by which people around the world can communicate mood to another. An image, a video or go becomes popular, and encourages users to modify or expand on it while staying true to the original content . A photo Angelina Jolie showing her leg in 2012 's was published in famous images , for example. The Lord of the Rings quote : "You do not just walk into Mordor " is largely edited and published with the photo of the person who comes to criticizing people underestimate the difficulty of his ideas.

Glad Harlem shake is a new step in social and creative of the nature of Internet adoption . At this point , hundreds of thousands of people participated in the creation of these videos. All operate under a common understanding of how the content should slot together, but there is room for creative expansion on the subject. Odd curtains or adjustments twists and subversions of weird format and the introduction of memes or jokes that already exist in the collective culture of the Internet pre - existing .

It is a strange system , and has been a long time. People have enjoyed the Internet for critical applications. Modern commerce has revolutionized the underfunded political groups have expanded their reach and visibility of university research is more accessible than ever before. But the trend line , which gives an interesting idea of how these technologies are applied to content creation at the individual level .

Animals of the Desert and Human Development - Wildlife and What to Expect

As humanity grows in many exist 6600000000-10000000000 and beyond over the next 25-30 years , one may wonder where do they live together? Many areas now considered uninhabitable due to climate and water resources should be made to meet the needs and desires of humanity. There are vast uninhabited deserts, for a third of the land and the sea is not a place where humans may have to call home , if for no other reason than to get a little space to move .

However, if humanity lives in desert areas with sparse vegetation , then it means that desert animals have to leave their homes? Humanity is competing for the same resources and make the animals without him? Well, there is that much of it is being tested , the invasion continues. Many desert communities have brought water , dug wells or desalination techniques used to create an oasis that serves humans.

It turns out that the water must build and plant shrubs makes desert animals are close by water and the construction of a co- inhabited by these animals playground is interesting. For example, when people plant flowers and shrubs hummingbird flowers and rabbits come . This led the Roadrunners come eat hummingbirds and more offspring . Rabbits keep cutting the grass and eat the flowers , while rabbits owls are beautiful food supplies.

With more bugs and creatures around the desert foxes and coyotes are presented to the party and begin to multiply in large numbers too. Therefore , it really is amazing what a little water in the desert can do to promote wildlife in the desert. Please think about it .

Hypnosis And Human Development

I often think that learning hypnosis is like learning to play the piano - more art as an art or technique . Many children in the United Kingdom, at least , take the piano, only a small percentage receive even higher degree . Fewer still play and use what they have learned. Fewer still live it .

Hypnotherapy training began was very demanding and the dropout rate is high. In other words , students often complete the picture, but fail to advance to the next level . Only two of us in my group was the first step in the final phase.

And some of those who rush end to abandon the use of hypnosis or relegated to the rank of technical for occasional use - perhaps when all else fails ! It is a great shame - the experience or practice is so important, so vital. I'm sure a lot of potential therapists hypnosis give up because they did not really understand or have not acquired the practice and experience to use it effectively .

Perhaps this is understandable. Books, articles and teaching materials often do not lose a lot of light on the phenomenon of hypnosis is . You can learn hypnosis more than one book you can learn to play the Waldstein Sonata a set of written instructions. Competition comes from experience . A great pianist can make even a simple composition as a masterpiece. A truly competent hypnotist can get results with any technique .

Yet when it comes to the phenomenon of hypnosis, you can not deny that there are many misunderstandings and theoretical contradictions. More importantly, there is little real understanding of hypnosis as a natural phenomenon. "Standard" that the medical and dental Hartland hypnosis is still considered a reference text is a source of great sadness and frustration for me.

So when I came across an article by Professor Brian Vandenberg , a psychology professor at the University of Missouri - St. Louis, to discuss the role of hypnosis in human development I felt nothing but surprise and relief. Finally there was an article by a psychologist and an academic leader who was willing to discuss hypnosis as a natural phenomenon, as something that is part of our lives, whether we realize it or not. I have long been convinced of this and I have often said that as a therapist, I spend most of my time trying to undo the harmful effects of hypnosis, which took place without the customer s' accountable in any way. What I mean here is the people , children , said they are useless, or coarse , or bad, or ugly, or unattractive, and these suggestions have absorbed toxic and carried them in their life adults, when these principles - suggestions havoc absorbed. I mean people who say repeatedly that they can not do this or that , they never do , and allowed these tips to avoid restricting your freedom of choice and the opportunity to develop their potential in a number of different ways.

The article is titled hypnosis and human development affect interpersonal intrapersonal process ( Child Development Vol 69 No 1 February 1988 . ) . In the following paragraphs provide a brief summary of the article, but I offer it with the caveat that any summary is a distortion . Inevitably omit many details.

The purpose of Article Vandenberg is to explore the relationship between hypnosis and the development of early childhood. But this means having a much broader view of the phenomenon of hypnosis which generally meets the standard literature on the subject or as part of formal education in hypnotherapy . As a Vandenberg said , children are often sensitive to the formal hypnotic induction until fairly late in childhood. The relationship between hypnosis and child development is important because hypnosis is a powerful and ubiquitous phenomenon . To understand how hypnosis can influence the development of personality and character is essential to learn something about the nature of ourselves as human beings . The purpose of this paper is twofold: to explore the role of hypnosis in child development and to examine the phenomenon of hypnosis outside the context of formal induction to view hypnosis work outside the therapy room .

How can you be hypnotized a young child ? In fact, this is something that parents and caregivers do all the time , naturally and without any specialized training ! Every parent has had the experience of picking up a crying baby or child in distress and soothing and comforting , even to the point of sleep, rocking, stroking , sing and talk about him. But the words used do not matter much - baby / child listen to the rhythm, pitch and tone of the language instead of attending to the meaning of words. OK - So here we have an informal hypnotic induction and non-verbal , but still recognizable. But what will surprise many readers much Vandenberg item , even those who have a professional interest in hypnosis is that the assumptions of the author about the nature of hypnosis beyond even this .

For Vandenberg , hypnosis is " a process of communication through which people allow others to assume a certain degree of control over the organization , guidance and interpretation of experience" - permission to quote directly from the article kindly granted by the author. Note that there is no mention of the word "trance" here , and any change in the quality of consciousness involves more than stated . Moreover, the definition of hypnosis as a process effectively eliminates the distinction between the ways in which a person is a leader in hypnosis and the new interpretation of the resulting experience . However, I still think it is reasonable to speak of a change in the quality of consciousness here . influenced by friends, colleagues , family members or authority figures that the child gets to see the world in a way that is different from experience a mature , adult hypnotized. a child, for example , may experience your fantasy game or situation of 100 " real "% , while adults or viewers will have a different perspective .

For Vandenberg , hypnosis is less intermittent alteration of consciousness, the more real stage in human development , some properties that can be re- raised to adulthood by conventional hypnotic induction. Therefore, the four essential characteristics of hypnosis are themselves an integral part of development.

Firstly , both hypnosis and shared experience of growth, development and maturation will allow a person to live the Vandenberg called the " temporary nature of the experience. " In the elderly , hypnosis can undermine our belief in the reality of sensory and emotional experience. Use hypnoanalgesia not feel the pain in situations where we feel pain. Hypnosis can change the way we think about ourselves. Also, as we grow, we become increasingly aware of a discontinuity of experience. Children experience "reality" to play with friends and peers is inherently different from the reality in situations like classroom school or in adult society .

Second, the inculcation of beliefs common to both hypnosis and the early stages of development. In hypnosis , the hypnotist can have a great influence on the beliefs of hypnosis. The antics of hypnotists , we are very familiar , prove it . And push children absorb and accept , at a higher level - rational , religious belief , ethical and political foundations of society and culture in which they find themselves . When individuals become fully rational adults may question these beliefs. Very often they do not .

Third, hypnosis ( hypnotic induction , hypnotherapy ) often involved the use of indirect suggestion is unconsciously ( ie non - conscious) on the subject. Suggestions for hypnotic induction can be integrated into a text which, at first glance, may seem to have nothing to do with hypnosis. Aspects of the question of referring a client may be indirect , but effective , led by the use of metaphor , narrative or images. Growing - and often beyond - people are often influenced by means of which they suspect not . Children can take the taste , modal values ​​a role model without being in any way aware of what they do. It is , of course, a wide area. Advertisers , politicians, spin -doctors , the fashion gurus , the opinion of one sort or another all trying to influence people indirectly , so that the person does not feel exploited or compromised in any manner.

Fourth, the most spectacular and striking characteristic of hypnosis is that Vandenberg called " intrapsychic processes based inviolable " as sensation, perception and memory can be influenced , changed or even destroyed by something that is simple and monotonous speech . There is no magic wand , no clouds of smoke, only ordinary speech . in terms of human development, children rely on " directives, orders and suggestions significant others to ensure interpretation , organization and direction of his thoughts and experiences. " The results of this process are , in their own way , no less spectacular effects , magnificent and disturbing induced hypnosis : people become Christians, Muslims , atheists , followers of Labour or Conservative party , Republicans or Democrats , communist or fascist , without doubt that become so by the free and rational choice alone.

Obviously, this raises profound questions about the nature of hypnosis. In his conclusion, Vandenberg describes hypnosis as " reminiscent of childhood. " However, if he is right , hypnosis is a part of childhood . Perhaps could be characterized as a stage of development . The result is powerful. Increased suggestibility of children can be manipulated for malicious purposes , as well as positive . However, the implications for education, development and autonomy are huge and exciting.

Article Vandenberg is a plan - or a map of a territory to explore. My only criticism is the apparent reluctance of the author to say more about the nature of hypnosis. The proposed working definition , quoted above , seems a bit too loose. The goal is , but white seems to be missing . What is the nature of the suggestion ? How and what to say about it ? If we can not answer these questions , then we'll come to an understanding of the nature of hypnosis - and perhaps also music .

High Technology and Human Development

Some basic principles - often shaped by leaders and supported by the led - Exercise collective consciousness directed to the extent that would stimulate development . The development is generally higher , but not necessarily civilized . The premises in question are as follows: . " Our level of technological advancement is unmatched At this level , we must also prepare our society for peace, and to ensure peace , the technology must be revised to encourage the politics of war . " The technological advancement that is pushed in this direction sets a dangerous precedent for other companies who fear a threat to their sovereignty. They are also urged to develop techniques of war.

In the area of civilization, this mode of development is not commendable, it is not morally justifiable. As it is not morally justifiable , it is socially irresponsible. A site inspection will reveal that it is the latter that is the problem . The latter is the conclusion of two local elders, but in no way logically deduce . What is shown is deducted passionately, and whether conclusion fails to take into account the conclusion of a rational mind prepared , at least when it appeared .

A society that takes place in accordance with previous budgets - especially based on the illogical conclusions - forwarded the psyche of non-negotiable superiority to his people. During this time , the power of passion dictates the pace of human behavior. Whether or want constructive engagement partnerships , the principle of equality does not work exactly the superiority syndrome that captures the leader and the LED . And another company that refuses to participate in collective sensibilities or passion of this company , the expected logic , becomes a real or potential enemy and faces confrontation on all possible fronts.

Most of what we learn about the world , of course, through the media , technology is dominated by the state - of-the- art . Companies that have the most of this technology are also again and again , claimed to be the most advanced . Not only is their progress that rises to the pinnacle of power, superiority and glory. They can also use technology to simplify and improve the understanding of life and nature in a different direction , a direction that tends to eliminate , where possible , prior connection between life and nature that was in many respects , mystical and insecurity. This last point does not necessarily mean that technological progress is a sign of a superior civilization .

What we know is that civilization and technology are not marital terms. Civilized people can have a technology or not. Civilization is not just a matter of science and technology or technical infrastructure , or the wonder of the buildings, but also has to do with moral and mental reflexes of people and their level of social connectivity within their own society and beyond. This is from the distribution for the general behavior of people who could create all kinds of physical structures , so that the issue of science and technology . Therefore , the type of bridges, roads, buildings, machinery, among others, that we can see in a company might say , in general , the pattern of behavior of people . Model behavior can also tell a lot about the extent to which the natural environment has been used for infrastructure , science and technology activities. Importantly, the pattern of behavior could tell a lot about the perception and understanding of people from other people.

I believe - and I think most people believe - that the acceleration of the pace of activity and technology infrastructure , the environment must return to their natural. Once the advances in technology (and its auxiliary structures or ideas ) participates with the natural environment through space , the environment that houses trees , grass , flowers , all kinds of animals and fish should be reduced in size. However, population growth , human incessant desire to quality of life, the need to control life without relying on the unpredictable state of the natural environment has prompted the use of technology . The technology is not necessary to assume excessive risk to the environment. It is the misuse of technology that is involved. While a company can not simply use technology to improve the quality of life , people also have to ask " how technology, we need to protect the natural environment? " Suppose society Y blends the moderate use of technology in order to offset the environmental irresponsible destruction of the latter, then this type of position indicates where the company and is a lover of the principle of balance. As principle , we can conclude with certainty that society Y favors stability in the chaos, and therefore a sense of moral and social responsibility . latest technology points to the sophistication of the human mind , which indicates that the natural environment has been domesticated cavalierly .

If humans do not want to live to thank you for the natural environment - which , of course, is a form of life insurance - but according to their own schedule of rates , then the use of technology is a matter of routine. It seems that the principle of balance that the company has chosen and could it be for a short time and it is more of a position to believe that a true. For when the power of the human mind engages after a momentous achievement in technology , retirement, or , at most , a slowdown is quite unusual . It is as if the human mind is saying, " technological progress must accelerate clear plan or a gradual process is an insult to the curious mind . ". This type of thought process that emphasizes the mystery of the mind, its dark side , not the best place . And trying to query the current mode of a given according to the instructions of the mind technology, it is essential that the role of ethics .

Is it morally right to use this technology for this type of product? And it is morally right to use this type of product? These two questions seem to indicate that the product or products in question are either harmful or not, the environment or not, or not only directly harm humans, but also directly into the environment . And if, as I said , the purpose of technology is to improve the quality of life, and then use the technology to produce products that harm humans and the environment in contradiction with the purpose of technology, and also falsifies demand that human beings are rational. It also suggests that the sophisticated level that the human mind is incapable came to capture the essence or because of the quality of life. In this respect , peaceful coexistence with the natural environment have been abandoned because of a human mind crawling request . The human mind , so to speak , are corrupted with beliefs or ideas that are not viable in a number of ways.

Promotion by environmentalists refer to the issue of environmental degradation and its negative consequences in humans. They insist that there is no justification for the production of high-tech products that are harmful to humans and the natural environment. This argument seems convincing. High technology can show the height of human accomplishment , but can not point to the moral and social responsibility . And at this point , the question may be asked: " How can humans bridge the gap between high-tech and uncontrolled environmental degradation ? "

Too often , modern humans tend to think a sophisticated lifestyle is preferable to a simple. The first is supported by the weight of high technology, it is not primarily . The first is easy to load too dependent on the requirements of the natural environment , the second is not. It tends to seek a symbiotic relationship with the natural environment, the first does not work. If the human comfort must come largely from the technology or the environment is not an issue that can be easily answered . If the natural environment is shrinking due to population growth and other unavoidable causes , it requires advanced technology to alleviate the pressures put human comfort . It is irresponsible proliferation , for example, the technology of war , high- tech products, among others, who are in need of critical and must stop.